TMJ Disorder (Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction)

According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, TMJ disorders affect over 10 million people in the United States [1]. Between 40% and 75% of the population has at least one sign of TMJ disorder, such as jaw clicking, while 33% have reported at least one symptom, such as pain, directly related to the condition. [2]

Identification of TMJ symptoms is the first step toward seeking the right care and preventing long-term complications.

What Is TMJ Disorder?

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction, often shortened to TMJ disorder, is a group of conditions that cause pain and dysfunction in the jaw joint and muscles. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects your jawbone to your skull, allowing for essential movements like chewing and speaking. 

When this joint becomes inflamed or misaligned, it can lead to a variety of uncomfortable symptoms. These issues can range from temporary discomfort to chronic and debilitating pain.

4 Stages of TMJ disorders

TMJ disorders progress through four stages, depending on the severity and duration of symptoms.

1. Early (mild) – Clicking or popping noises in the jaw and occasional tension.
2. Intermediate – Marked by more frequent pain, jaw locking, and a noticeable reduction in jaw motion
3. Advanced – Includes chronic pain, joint inflammation, and difficulty opening the mouth.
4. Degenerative – Can involve joint erosion, arthritis, and structural damage within the temporomandibular joint.

What is TMD? What is the difference between TMJ and TMD?

TMJ refers to the actual joint, while TMD refers to the disorders affecting it. The terms are often used interchangeably, but technically, TMD is the more accurate medical diagnosis.

How long does TMJ typically last?

TMJ symptoms may be short-term or chronic. Acute cases last a few weeks and may resolve with self-care. Chronic cases can persist for months or even years, especially without proper treatment.

TMJ Symptoms

Common symptoms of TMJ disorders include jaw pain, difficulty chewing, and a clicking or popping sound when moving the jaw. Symptoms may vary in severity and location.

Most Common and Severe TMJ Symptoms

• TMJ jaw pain or tenderness
• Limited range of motion or jaw locking
• TMJ headache and facial tension
• TMJ ear pain, often mistaken for ear infections
• TMJ tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
• Jaw misalignment or clicking
• Swelling on the side of the face

TMJ Pain Areas

TMJ pain is not limited to the jaw—it often radiates to nearby regions, making diagnosis more complex. Common TMJ pain areas include:

• Jaw joint: Primary site of discomfort, especially near the ears.
• Ears: Many people experience TMJ ear pain, pressure, or a sensation of fullness.
• Temples and forehead: Frequently reported as TMJ headache or tension-type headaches.
• Cheeks and lower face: Muscle fatigue and tenderness due to clenching or overuse.
• Neck and shoulders: Poor posture or jaw misalignment may cause referred pain.

Understanding these TMJ symptoms can help differentiate TMJ from other conditions.

Conditions Often Mistaken for TMJ

Many disorders share overlapping signs with TMJ symptoms, making diagnosis challenging without a specialist’s evaluation. 

Dental problems like abscesses or misalignment may cause similar pain. Sinusitis can mimic facial pressure, while migraines often result in headaches that may be confused with TMJ headache symptoms. Additionally, neurological conditions, ear infections, and even neck strain can produce symptoms that mirror temporomandibular joint dysfunction.

Can TMJ Cause Dizziness?

Yes. TMJ disorder can cause dizziness by affecting the nearby inner ear, which helps regulate balance. Inflammation or jaw misalignment may disrupt the vestibular system, leading to lightheadedness or balance problems.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Seek help if you experience:

• Severe jaw pain or stiffness
• Persistent TMJ headache symptoms
• Signs of TMJ dislocation
• Swelling or signs of TMJ infection symptoms (fever, redness)
• Difficulty chewing or speaking

Early intervention prevents worsening of temporomandibular joint dysfunction.

What Causes TMJ Disorder?

TMJ disorder often involves a combination of mechanical, muscular, and psychological factors. There are several known TMJ causes, often overlapping in individuals.

• Jaw trauma or injury: Accidents, falls, or blows to the jaw can damage the temporomandibular joint directly.
• Teeth grinding (bruxism): Repeated clenching puts pressure on the joint and wears down cartilage over time.
• Arthritis: Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis can degrade the cartilage in the TMJ, similar to other joints in the body.
• Jaw misalignment: A poor bite or crooked teeth can strain surrounding muscles and ligaments.
• Connective tissue diseases: Conditions like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome affect joint flexibility and stability.
• Nail-biting or gum chewing: Habits that stress the jaw repeatedly may aggravate TMJ symptoms.
• Poor posture: Slouching or forward head posture shifts alignment and strains the jaw muscles.

Can TMJ Come From Stress?

Yes. Chronic stress can lead to jaw clenching and muscle tension, contributing to TMJ pain and dysfunction. Psychological factors are a common TMJ causes.

Risk Factors for TMJ Dysfunction

Various factors increase the likelihood of developing temporomandibular joint dysfunction. TMJ disorders are most common among adults aged 20 to 40,  with women accounting for the vast majority of diagnosed cases [3]. Hormonal differences, joint laxity, and pain sensitivity may contribute to this disparity. 

Additional risk factors include a personal or family history of arthritis, frequent teeth grinding, poor posture, jaw misalignment, or chronic stress. These elements can interact to create or worsen TMJ disorder symptoms.

Complications of TMJ

If left untreated, TMJ disorder may cause long-term physical and psychological effects. Chronic TMJ pain can limit jaw function and contribute to muscle imbalances in the neck, face, and shoulders. You may experience constant headaches, ear pressure, or TMJ tinnitus, making it difficult to concentrate or sleep. 

Structural damage, including joint dislocation and cartilage wear, may lead to permanent changes in bite and facial symmetry. Additionally, living with daily pain can result in emotional distress, affecting your mood, productivity, and quality of life.

If you’re experiencing TMJ symptoms, don’t ignore them. Effective treatment options include neuromuscular therapy, bite guards, stress reduction, and in some cases, medication or surgery. Consult a specialist to develop an individual treatment plan and reduce your symptoms today.